When to Be Concerned and What It Could Mean
Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnoea, is a symptom that can range from mild discomfort to a serious medical concern. It can occur suddenly or develop gradually over time, making it difficult to determine whether it’s something minor or a sign of an underlying condition.
As someone who regularly works with patients experiencing shortness of breath, I know how unsettling it can be. Understanding the possible causes, when to seek medical help, and what tests might be required can help put your mind at ease.
In this blog, I’ll explain the most common causes of shortness of breath, how it relates to heart and lung health, and what steps to take if you’re experiencing it.
What Causes Shortness of Breath?
Breathing should feel natural and effortless, but when it becomes difficult, it can indicate a range of issues. Some causes are temporary and harmless, while others require urgent medical attention.
The most common causes of shortness of breath fall into three main categories:
Heart-related causes
Lung-related causes
Other medical conditions
1. Heart-Related Causes of Shortness of Breath
When the heart is not functioning properly, it can struggle to pump enough oxygen-rich blood around the body. This can lead to breathlessness, especially during physical activity or while lying down.
Heart Failure
Occurs when the heart doesn’t pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid build-up in the lungs.
Symptoms: Shortness of breath when lying flat, swollen ankles, persistent fatigue.
Why It’s Important: Heart failure requires ongoing management to prevent complications.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Caused by narrowed arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.
Symptoms: Breathlessness, chest discomfort, fatigue, particularly with exertion.
Why It’s Important: CAD can lead to angina or a heart attack if untreated.
Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
An irregular heart rhythm that affects blood circulation.
Symptoms: Rapid heartbeat, dizziness, breathlessness.
Why It’s Important: AF increases the risk of stroke and should be monitored.
Heart Valve Disease
Occurs when heart valves don’t open or close properly, reducing blood flow.
Symptoms: Breathlessness, chest pain, irregular heartbeat.
Why It’s Important: Can lead to heart failure if left untreated.
For more information on heart conditions linked to breathlessness, visit the British Heart Foundation.
2. Lung-Related Causes of Shortness of Breath
The lungs work closely with the heart to supply oxygen to the body. When lung function is impaired, it can lead to difficulty breathing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A long-term lung disease that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Symptoms: Persistent breathlessness, wheezing, frequent coughing.
Why It’s Important: Early diagnosis and treatment can slow disease progression.
Asthma
A condition where the airways become inflamed and narrowed, making breathing difficult.
Symptoms: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness.
Why It’s Important: Proper management with inhalers can control symptoms.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
A blood clot in the lungs that blocks oxygen flow.
Symptoms: Sudden breathlessness, chest pain, rapid heartbeat.
Why It’s Important: A medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
Pneumonia
A lung infection that causes inflammation and fluid build-up.
Symptoms: Breathlessness, fever, cough with phlegm.
Why It’s Important: Severe cases may require hospital care.
3. Other Causes of Shortness of Breath
Sometimes, breathlessness is not directly linked to heart or lung disease. Other causes include:
Anaemia
A lack of red blood cells reduces oxygen delivery to tissues.
Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, breathlessness, pale skin.
Why It’s Important: Blood tests can diagnose anaemia, which is treatable.
Anxiety and Panic Attacks
Anxiety can cause hyperventilation, making it feel difficult to breathe.
Symptoms: Rapid breathing, dizziness, tingling sensations.
Why It’s Important: Managing stress and breathing techniques can help.
Obesity and Deconditioning
Excess weight or lack of fitness can put strain on the heart and lungs.
Symptoms: Breathlessness after minimal exertion.
Why It’s Important: Regular exercise and a healthy diet improve overall health.
How we can help: Exercise tolerance tests
When Should You Seek Medical Help?
While occasional shortness of breath may not be serious, some cases require urgent medical attention. Seek help if you experience:
Sudden, severe breathlessness
Breathlessness at rest or while lying down
Chest pain, pressure, or discomfort
Dizziness or fainting
Bluish lips or fingertips (a sign of low oxygen levels)
If you suspect a heart attack or pulmonary embolism, seek emergency medical care immediately.
How Is Shortness of Breath Diagnosed?
Doctors use a combination of tests to determine the cause of shortness of breath, including:
Chest X-ray – Detects lung infections or fluid build-up.
Pulmonary Function Tests – Assesses lung capacity and function.
A proper diagnosis is key to effective treatment and management.
Managing and Preventing Shortness of Breath
Depending on the cause, shortness of breath can be managed with lifestyle changes, medication, or medical interventions.
Stay active – Regular exercise strengthens the heart and lungs.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reducing excess weight eases strain on the heart and lungs.
Quit smoking – Smoking damages lung function and worsens breathlessness.
Control underlying conditions – Proper treatment for asthma, COPD, or heart disease reduces symptoms.
Practice breathing techniques – Exercises such as pursed-lip breathing can improve airflow.
For guidance on managing breathlessness, visit the NHS breathlessness guide.
Conclusion
Shortness of breath can be caused by a wide range of conditions, from temporary issues like anxiety to serious heart or lung diseases. Understanding the underlying cause is essential for proper treatment.
If you’re experiencing persistent or unexplained breathlessness, contact us here to book an assessment with a specialist. At Heartsure, we provide expert evaluations to help you breathe easier and maintain your heart and lung health.
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